How do you handle alerts, pop-ups, and modals in Selenium with Java?

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In Selenium with Java, handling alerts, pop-ups, and modals is essential for automating interactions with dynamic web content. Here's how each is managed:

1. JavaScript Alerts (Alert, Confirm, Prompt):
Selenium provides the Alert interface to handle these:

Use driver.switchTo().alert() only when an alert is present; otherwise, it throws a NoAlertPresentException.

2. Browser Pop-ups (Authentication):
For basic HTTP authentication dialogs, use a URL format like:

However, for modern browsers with pop-ups that aren't standard alerts, tools like AutoIT (Windows) or Robot class may be needed.

3. HTML Modals (Custom Pop-ups):
These are part of the DOM, so interact with them like regular elements:

Wait conditions using WebDriverWait and ExpectedConditions help ensure reliable interaction:

Handling alerts and modals correctly ensures smoother automation flows and prevents script failures due to unexpected dialog interruptions.
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